“Is Reengineering and Strategy Implementation Just Another Management Fad or Does It Offer Something of Lasting Value?”

1. 0 Introduction Implementation is the challenge that comes at the end of all new (and old) methods for improving organizations. Strategic planning, architecture development, change management, total quality management, new information systems technologies, and re-engineering, are some of the concepts that are being advocated to effect a radical improvement organizational performance. Advocates of each concept, however, struggle when questioned about successful implementation (Deshpande and Parasuraman, 1986). Strategic planning literature abounds on how to develop a plan, but there is comparatively little said about how to implement a strategic plan once it is developed. Reengineering is a radical rethinking of an organization and its cross-functional, end-to-end processes (Hammer, 1993). After it’s introduction reengineering had taken corporations by storm. In a survey of over 500 chief information officers (CIOs), the average CIO is involved in 4. 4 re-engineering projects (Moad, 1993). Walmart (example 1) is seen as one of the successful executers of reengineering. Despite the excitement over reengineering, however, the rate of failure for re-engineered projects is over 50 per cent (Stewart, 1993). Hammer and Champy (1993) estimate as much as a 70 per cent failure rate. Luthfansa AG (example 2) is one such company. Such is the position that reengineering is labelled as a â€Å"management fad†. This paper looks to explore the facets of strategy implementation, reegineering that and analyze the label of â€Å"fad† is a worthy one or does the two offer a lasting value. 2. 0 Literature Review 2. The evolution of reengineering The concept of reengineering was first presented in two articles published simultaneously by Hammer (1990) and Davenport and Short (1990). Reengineering is a totally new approach with regard to the ideas and models used for improving business Hammer and Champy (1993). The reengineering approach is a result of the combination of concepts from different schools, including strategic IT systems, quality, systems thin king, industrial engineering, and technological innovation. The increasing power of ustomers, competitors and today’s constantly changing business environment, forced many organisations to recognise the need to move away from focusing on individual tasks and functions to focusing on more communicated, integrated and co-ordinated ways of work by looking at operations in terms of business processes (Davenport, 1993). 2. 2 Defining reengineering Several researchers and practitioners have defined reengineering in different ways with different emphases. The following are some of those definitions: the fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical, contemporary measures of performance, such as cost, quality, service and speed (Hammer and Champy, 1993, p. 32). †¦ a methodical process that uses information technology to radically overhaul business process and thereby attain major business goals (Alter, 1990, p. 32) . The fundamental rethinking and redesign of operating processes and organisational structure, focused on the organisation’s core competencies, to achieve dramatic improvements in organisational performance (Lowenthal, 1994, p. 2). During the last decade, many authors have produced ideas regarding what reengineering really is. And thus, to conclude that there is only a single theoretical proposition underpinning reengineering remains debatable. The following table shows that there are three recognisable perspectives to reengineering as suggested by Tinnila (1995), i. e. strategic, operational and organisational perspectives. [pic] Figure 1: Summary of definition of reengineering (Khong and Richardson, 2003) Despite the differences in definitions, and terminology, the emphasis in all hese definitions and in the reengineering -related literature, is on redesigning business processes using a radical IT-enabled approach to organisational change. 2. 3 The need for reengineering Re engineering is motivated by external drivers, internal drivers, or both. External drivers are related mainly to the increased level of competition, the changes in customers’ needs, IT changes, and changes in regulations (Grover etal. , 1993). Internal drivers are mainly related to changes in both organisational strategies and structures. External drivers The increasing level of competition in the global market has emphasised the need for organisational innovation to cope with global standards of products and services. reengineering is approached as a tool to improve dramatically business performance and provide competitive position (Schnitt, 1993). First National Bank of Chicago (example 3), reengineered in order to keep up with the stiff global competition Davenport (1993a), also believe that re-engineering is driven by the never-ending needs of customers to look for better services and products. IBM Credit Corp (example 4) reengineered primarily for satisfying the customer or providing superior customer service. Owing to the unsettled changes in the global business environment, social life, technological and organisational practices, and economical situations, new rules and regulations are introduced to reflect these changes (Plowman, 1995). Yellow Freight (example 5) decided to reengineer because of external factors related to governmental or political pressure. Internal drivers Many organisational strategic and structural changes are centred on IT-enabled reengineering (Venkatraman, 1993). Parcel Service (example 6), found that they had to improve their technology in order to survive in the competitive shipping business. Changes in organisational strategy may involve some reengineering efforts to bring about the new business desires (Keen, 1991). The desire to reduce cost was one major reason that led First National Bank of Chicago (example 7) to reengineer. Changes of capability in terms of processes, methods, skills competencies, attitudes and behaviours can also be considered as internal drivers (Plowman, 1995). Arco Chemical (example 8) is one such company who reengineered to achieve dramatic company-wide improvements, increase organizational efficiencies, and reduce throughput time. Plowman (1995) views business transformation as a journey driven by a strategy that links short-term changes to capability in terms of processes, skills and style, with long-term changes to position the business among its competitors and customers. Ryder System Inc (example 9). reengineering efforts began with a rethink of its view of the market and a readjustment of the company‘s strategic focus. The following is a figure showing the result of survey (example 10) on the factors that trigger reengineering in the UK [pic] Figure 2: Factors driving reengineering (Tennant and Yi-Chieh, 2005) The following is a figure showing the result of survey (example 11) on the goal and objectives meant to be achieved through reengineering in the UK [pic] Figure 3: Goals and objectives of reengineering (Tennant and Yi-Chieh, 2005) 2. 4 What characterises reengineering Focus on business processes Reengineering focuses on the core concept of business process rather than on function, product or service. As business processes are the manner in which work gets done within an organisation, they are a distinguishing characteristic among organisations (Venkatraman, 1994), and thus a significant factor leading to competitive edge (Hinterhuber, 1995). In addition, the elimination of functional bias can only be best done by adopting process orientation to gain substantial business improvement (Andreu etal. , 1997). By focusing on core activities, Singapore Airlines (example 12) reengineered efforts are expected to help Singapore grow 8-10 er cent per year until the end of the decade. Notion of radicalness Reengineering involves radical and fundamental changes, and it evolves from the need to recognise that long-established ways emphasising on control and cost cutting are being replaced by organisational focus towards improving quality, the customer, and innovation, rather than (Hammer, 1990). Honeywell Inc (example 13) in order to keep up with the global competition reenginerined their proc ess from being focused on efficiency to being focued on quality Use of IT Hammer (1990) considers IT as a major tool and a fundamental enabler of reengineering efforts and emphasises the need to use modern IT to support for its implementation. IT reshapes and creates new effective business processes in that it has the potential to facilitate the flow of information between globally-distributed processes, and ensures the availability of instantaneous and consistent information across the business (Tapscott and Caston, 1993). Western Provident (example 14) is a company which is spotted for extensive of technology. Need for organisational change Reengineering results in change, and successful reengineering implementation requires fundamental organisational change in terms of organisational structure, culture and management processes (Davenport, 1993a). CIGNA Technology (example 15) Services went through a cultural change, from a focus on technology to one on processes and business performance. Change management is a tool used to manage such a change. 2. 5 Reengineering approaches, methodologies, techniques and tools Reengineering approaches Reengineering approaches can be viewed based on the different focuses that reengineering efforts may emphasise: IT, strategy, quality management, operations, and human resources (Edwards and Peppard, 1994a). According to Klein (1994), Reengineering is contextual and believes that having a structured approach to it is impossible. Reengineering methodologies Caterpillar (example 16) tied much of its cost saving success to its reengineering methodology (Paper and Dickinson, 1997). Its methodology is systematic as it provides a disciplined problem-solving approach and acts as a rallying point for everyone involved along the process path. Many structure-based methodologies have been proposed for reengineering implementation. However, most have common elements and view reengineering efforts as a top-down implementation project (Earl and Khan, 1994). Figure 4 summarises the major stages of eight representative reengineering methodologies. Figure 4: Reengineering methodologies [pic] (Kettinger et al. , 1997) Despite the differences among these methodologies, they all confirm that some essential components must exist, such as: †¢ strategies and goals setting; feasibility analysis of a reengineering project; †¢ process analysis and visioning; †¢ top management commitment and sponsorship; †¢ understanding of customer requirements and performance measurement; †¢ integration with TQM and benchmarking; †¢ recognition of IT capabilities; †¢ cross-functional teams and communication; †¢ prototyping and process mapping techniques; and †¢ organisational change to re-engineer management s ystems and organisation. Reengineering techniques Kettinger etal. (1997) show that at least 72 techniques are used to carry out ctivities related to reengineering projects. These techniques were almost all developed in other contexts and imported to the reengineering field. Each technique is mapped to their associated stages in the reengineering framework. and describe some as representative of each stage in the framework. [pic] Figure 5: Framework for Reengineering (Kettinger et al. , 1997) Kettinger etal. (1997) also suggest an approach of selecting techniques for a specific reengineering project. This approach, however, presumes that a customised methodology has been developed in advance. Based on the objective of their application, he identify 11 groups under which a number of techniques are identified. [pic] Figure 6: Groups of reengineering technique (Kettinger et al. , 1997) 2. 6 Strategy implementation Bartlett and Ghoshal (1987, p. 12) noted that in all the companies they studied â€Å"the issue was not a poor understanding of environmental forces or inappropriate strategic intent. Without exception, they knew what they had to do; their difficulties lay in how to achieve the necessary changes†. Supporting this, Miller (2002) reports that organizations fail to implement more than 70 percent of their new strategic initiatives. Given the significance of this area, the focus in the field of strategic management has now shifted from the formulation of strategy to its implementation (Hussey, 1998). There is no agreed-upon and dominant framework in strategy implementation. Concerning this, Alexander (1991, p. 74) has stated that: One key reason why implementation fails is that practicing executives, managers and supervisors do not have practical, yet theoretically sound, models to guide their actions during implementation. Without adequate models, they try to implement strategies without a good understanding of the multiple factors that must be addressed, often simultaneously, to make implementation work. Warid Telecom (example 17) precisely fail to their process for this reason when they started operation in Bangladesh According to Alexander (1985), the ten most frequently occurring strategy implementation problems include underestimating the time needed for implementation and major problems surfacing that had not been anticipated, in addition uncontrollable factors in the external environment had an adverse impact. Beer and Eisenstat, (2000) states that top-down/laissez-faire senior management style; unclear strategic intentions and conflicting priorities; an ineffective senior management team; poor vertical communication; weak co-ordination across functions, businesses or borders; and inadequate down-the-line leadership skills development are also important reasons for implementation failure . It is recognised that such change requires a shared vision and consensus and â€Å"failures of strategy implementation are inevitable† if competence, coordination and commitment are lacking (Eisenstat, 1993). Biman Bangladesh Airlines (example 18) has been in totters for the last decade due to its poor strategy implementation which can be credited to the above reasons. Noble (1999b, p. 132) has further noted that: There is a significant need for detailed and comprehensive conceptual models related to strategy implementation. To date, implementation research has been fairly fragmented due to a lack of clear models on which to build. There are important similarities between the previous frameworks in terms of the key factors forwarded and the assumptions made. Similarities between frameworks that previous researchers have grouped the implementation factors into a number of categories as follows: †¢ context, process and outcomes (Bryson and Bromiley, 1993); †¢ planning and design (Hrebiniak and Joyce, 1984); †¢ realizers and enablers (Miller, 1997); †¢ content, context and operation (Dawson, 1994); †¢ content, context, process and outcome (Pettigrew, 1987; Okumus, 2001); †¢ framework and process components (Skivington and Daft, 1991); †¢ context and process (Schmelzer and Olsen, 1994); †¢ contextual, system and action levers (Miller and Dess, 1996). Four areas of groupings emerge from an analysis of the above categories. Considering the role and characteristics of each implementation factor, those 11 implementation factors identified earlier can further be grouped into four categories: strategic content, strategic context, process and outcome. †¢ Strategic content includes the development of strategy. †¢ Strategic context is further divided into external and internal context. The former includes environmental uncertainty and the internal context includes organizational structure, culture and leadership. Operational process includes operational planning, resource allocation, people, communication and control. †¢ Outcome includes results of the implementation process. [pic] Figure 7: Framework for strategy implementation (Okumus, 2001) 2. 7 Factors related to implementing reengineering The following analyses the reengineering implementation process by reviewing the relevant literature on reengineering efforts. They are categorised into a number of subgroups representing various dimensions of change related to reengineering implementation. These dimensions are: Factors relating to change management systems and culture Change management, which involves all human- and social-related changes and cultural adjustment techniques needed by management to facilitate the insertion of newly-designed processes and structures into working practice and to deal effectively with resistance, is considered by many researchers to be a crucial component of any reengineering efforts (Carr, 1993). Effective communication throughout the change process at all levels and for all audiences, is considered a major key to successful reengineering -related change efforts (Davenport, 1993). Discontinues in leadership, and lack of communication contributed the reengineering failure at Teleco (Example 19) As reengineering results in decisions being pushed down to lower levels, empowerment of staff and teams to establish a culture in which staff at all levels feel more responsible and accountable and it promotes a self-management and collaborative teamwork culture is critical for successful reengineering (Mumford, 1995). Empowerment was at the heart of reengineering Honeywell (example 20) when they reengineered. Training and education in reengineering -related concept, skills, and techniques as well as interpersonal and IT skills, are an important component of successful reengineering implementation (Zairi and Sinclair, 1995). FixCo (example 21) carried out a number of workshops for training the staff about their reengineering process. Factors relating to management competence Sound management processes ensure that reengineering efforts will be implemented in the most effective manner (Bashein et al. , 1994). The most oticeable managerial practices that directly influence the success of reengineering implementation are top management support and commitment, championship and sponsorship, and effective management of risks. Organisational culture influences the organisation’s ability to adapt to change (Hammer and Champy, 1993). It helps in understanding and conforming to the new values, management processes, and the communication styles (Bruss and Roos, 1993).. Corporation ABC (example 22) needed to create an organizational culture ready to change as they had to redesign their quality systems. Commitment and leadership in the upper echelons of management are often cited as the most important factors of a successful reengineering project (Rastogi, 1994). Sufficient authority and knowledge, and proper communication with all parts in the change process, are important in dealing with organisational resistance during reengineering implementation (Hammer and Champy, 1993). Top level commitment was the key for successful implementation of reengineering in Blue Shield California (example 23) Factors relating to organisational structure As reengineering creates new processes that define jobs and responsibilities across the existing organisational functions (Davenport and Short, 1990), there is a clear need to create a new organisational structure which determines how reengineering teams are going to look, how human resources are integrated, and how the new jobs and responsibilities are going to be formalised. Mobil Oil (example 24) had a rethink of there organizational structure in their reengineering. Cross-functional reengineering teams are a critical component of successful reengineering implementation (Johansson et al. , 1993). Teams should be adequately composed (Hagel, 1993). Team members should be experienced in variety of techniques (Carr and Johansson, 1995). Teams should be made up of people from both inside and outside the organisation (Hammer and Champy, 1993). Liberty Mutual (Example 25) used cross-functional teams and loss prevention expert to implement the reengineering process Factors related to reengineering project management Successful reengineering implementation is highly dependent on an effective reengineering programme management which includes adequate strategic alignment, effective planning and project management techniques, identification of performance measures, adequate resources, appropriate use of methodology, external orientation and learning, effective use of consultants, building process vision, effective process redesign, integrating reengineering with other improvement techniques (Zairi and Sinclair, 1995), and adequate identification of the reengineering value (Guha et al. 1993). Honeywell (example 26) would be a prime example in their execution of redesigning their quality measures. As corporate strategy determines objectives and guidance on how organisational capabilities can be best utilised to gain competitive position, reengineering strategy (Hammer, 1990). Therefore, a consideration of the strategic context of growth and expansion (Bashein et al. 1994), creating a top-level strateg y to guide change (Carr, 1993), and careful alignment of corporate strategy with reengineering strategy (Jackson, 1997) are crucial to the success of reengineering efforts. Mitsibushi Electric Corp (example 27) took immense heed in this factor. Factors related to IT infrastructure Factors related to IT infrastructure have been increasingly considered by many researchers and practitioners as a vital component of successful reengineering efforts (Brancheau et al. 1996). Effective alignment of IT infrastructure and reengineering strategy, building an effective IT infrastructure, adequate IT infrastructure investment decision, adequate measurement of IT infrastructure effectiveness, proper IS integration, effective re-engineering of legacy IS, increasing IT function competency, and effective use of software tools are the most important factors that contribute to the success of reengineering projects. Connecticut Mutual Life (example 28), reengineered their complete IT infrastructure in order to increase productivity. Figure 8: Factors related to the implementation of reengineering (Al-Mashari and Mohamed, 1999) 2. 8 Definition of fad Management fads are defined as â€Å"managerial interventions which appear to be innovative, rational, and functional and are aimed at encouraging better organizational performance. † 2. 9 Characteristics of fads Cost/benefit analysis: One moderator of fad evolution is the cost/benefit of the intervention, although these two variables may significantly differ depending upon whether the organization adopts a short-term or a long-term perspective (Laverty, 1996) as with a long-term perspective may be more likely to sustain and give a fad sufficient time to reap positive benefits, propelling it to trend or collective wisdom status. But short-term gains should also be evident to encourage the resilience needed for long-term rewards to be realized (Chaudron, 1996). Degree of difficulty in implementation: Differences between expected ease of implementation and actual ease of implementation will contribute to an organization’s desire to persist in the courses of action required by the fad. If a fad’s implementation process is no more difficult than expected, it is more likely to evolve into a trend. Effectiveness of the fad: Effectiveness is measured in terms of realized improvement in operational performance. Following adoption of a fad, firms may find themselves â€Å"incapable†, â€Å"effective†, â€Å"efficient†, â€Å"best-in-class†, or â€Å"world class†. Fads which assist organizations in moving upward on this continuum will likely become institutionalized and mature into a trend or collective wisdom. 2. 10 Life cycle of a fad A significant predictor of whether firms will likely adopt fads is the stage at which the intervention is located in the life-cycle of fads. Fads typically progress through an established life-cycle (Ettorre, 1997), although the length of time required for progression to each of these stages varies (Crainer, 1996). offers significant benefits, in terms of both number and strength; †¢ is adaptable to the specific needs of an organization; †¢ addresses the underlying cause of a problem rather than a symptom; †¢ fits with other common interventions and programs in place (for example 29, TQM and MBO programs are antithetical in that their basic tenets are contradictory); and †¢ is supported by key users and proponents, as well as by objective assessments of effectiveness 3. 0 Strategy implementa tion and reengineering in practice The case of Honeywell’s TotalPlantTM paradigm† 3. 1 TotalPlantTM at Honeywell The Honeywell industrial automation and control (IAC) plant designs world-class systems that enable process-control capability. In 1999, senior management decided to implement a solid ISO 9000-certified quality program in order to unify business and control information to enable global customer satisfaction. This program was named TotalPlantTM. Four critical principles The TotalPlantTM paradigm is based on four critical principles of success: (1) Process mapping. Process mapping is crucial for employees to see the â€Å"big picture† as opposed to focusing solely on their role within the procedure. It also creates a common language for dealing with changes to business processes. (2) Fail-safing. While process mapping diagrams the entire flow of a business process, fail-safing is done to diagnose a defect within the process. (3) Teamwork. Teamwork does not occur naturally. Honeywell encouraged teaming through special workshops, by creating a manufacturing vision that fostered teamwork and by endorsing cross-training. 4) Effective communication skills. Communication of the TotalPlantTM vision is paramount to success. Honeywell provided conflict resolution training to teams to help them deal with conflict in a positive way. (Paper et. al, 2001) 3. 2 Application of literature Honeywell learned a number of lessons as a result of their TotalPlantTM program, all of which have implications for any future initiatives. They discovered that: †¢ people are the key enablers of change; †¢ you must question everything; †¢ people need a systematic methodology to map processes; †¢ creating eam ownership and a culture of dissatisfaction ensures more employee involvement; †¢ management attitude and behavior can squash projects; †¢ bottom-up or empowered implementation is most effective; †¢ reengineering must be business-driven and continuous; †¢ setting stretch goals can facilitate greater employee effort; †¢ implementation is the real difference between success and failure. Change is a fundamental aspect of reengineering. Top management needs to communicate to its people why the change is necessary and how it will impact everyone’s current job and future with the company. Sufficient time and resources is dedicated to ensuring that the organization as a whole understood, wanted and supported change. 4. 0 Conclusion and recommendation Implying the term â€Å"fad† with reengineering is apparently a disputable issue. If taken into context of the definition and characteristics a fad has, reengineering does hold a number of features that creates an aura which surrounds a fad. Its pledge of being strategy which improves performance by improving productivity and efficiency and its disguised nature of the ease of implementation does engender staggering semblance to that of a fad. Moreover, there are issues where reengineering would probably fall short when it comes to its exploitation as a trend. Reengineering normally wouldn’t fit into an organization culture, in contrary the management is forced to create new culture where in order to adopt reengineering. Conversely, reengineering does also contain features that are a requisite for being a trend or wisdom. If implemented aptly, reengineering does provide significant benefits that simply can’t be ignored. Its association with improvement in efficiency, productivity, and quality of product or service, is an asset that any company would desire to attain. Furthermore, reengineering does address the underlying cause of the problem and with the support and commitment of top management in its implementation process it can provide a lasting value to a business. Hallmarks, Hewlett-Packard (example 30) are to name a couple of companies who have benefited from reengineering. What really made the difference is proper implementation. 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(1994), â€Å"Re-engineering methodologies and tools: a prescription for enhancing success†, Information Systems Management, pp. 30-5 51. Letscher, M. G. (1994), â€Å"How to tell fads from trends†, American Demographics, Vol. 16 No. 12, pp. 38-45 52. Miller, A. , Dess, G. (1996), Strategic Management, International ed. , McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, 53. Miller, D. (2002), â€Å"Successful change leaders: what makes them? What do they do that is different? â€Å", Journal of Change Management, Vol. No. 4, pp. 359-68 54. Moad, J. (1993), â€Å"Does Re-engineering Really Work? â€Å", Datamation, Vol. 39 No. 15, pp. 22-8. 55. Mumford, E. (1995), â€Å"Creative chaos or constructive change: business process re-engineering versus socio-technical design†, in Burke, G. , Peppard, J. (Eds),Examining Business Process Re-engineering: Current Perspectives and Research Directions, Kogan Page, New York, NY, pp. 192-216.. 56. Okumus, F. (2001), â€Å"Towards a strategy implementation framework†, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol. 13 No. 7, pp. 327-38 57. Paper, David J. , Rodger, James A. and Pendharkar, Parag C. (2001). â€Å"A BPR case study at Honeywell† Business Process Mana gement Journal. Volume: 7 Number: 2, pp: 85-99. 58. Pettigrew, A. M. (1987), â€Å"Context and action in the transformation of the firm†, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 24 No. 6, pp. 649-70. 59. Plowman, B. (1995), â€Å"Corporate transformation means re-engineering plus†, The Strategic Planning Society NEWS, pp. 8-10. 60. Rastogi, P (1994), â€Å"Nature, significance and rationale of business process reengineering†, Productivity, Vol. 35 No. 3, pp. 467-76 61. Schnitt, D. (1993), â€Å"Re-engineering the organisation using information echnology†, Journal of Systems Management, pp. 14-20, 41-2 62. Schmelzer, C. , Olsen, M. (1994), â€Å"A data-based strategy-implementing framework for companies in the restaurant industry†, International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol. 13 No. 4, pp. 347-59 63. Stewart, T. A. (1993), â€Å"Reengineering: The Hot New Managing Tool†, Fortune, Vol. 128 No. 4, pp. 32-7. 64. Skivington, E. J. , Daft, L. R. (1991), â€Å"A study of organizational framework and process modalities for the implementation of business level strategic decisions†, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 8 No. 1, pp. 45-68 65. Tennant, Charles and Wu, Yi-Chieh (2005), â€Å"RESEARCH AND CONCEPTS :The application of business process reengineering in the UK†. The TQM Magazine. Vol. 17 No. 6, pp. 537-545 66. Venkatraman, N. (1993), â€Å"IT-induced business reconfiguration†, in Scott-Morton, M. (Eds),The Corporation of the 1990s: Information Technology and Organisational Transformation, Oxford University Press, New York, NY, pp. 122-58. 67. Venkatraman, N. (1994), â€Å"IT-enabled business transformation: from automation to business scope redefinition†, Sloan Management Review, Vol. 5 No. 2, pp. 73-87. 68. Wendel, C. B. , Svensson, E. (1995), Business Buzzwords, Amacom, New York, NY. , . 69. Zairi, M. (1992), Competitive Benchmarking: An Executive Guide, Technical Communications (Publi shing), 70. Zairi, M. , â€Å"1995†, Business Process Re-engineering & Management Journal, Vol. 1 No. 3, pp. 3-9. 71. Zairi, M. , Sinclair, D. (1995), â€Å"Business process re-engineering and process management: a survey of current practice and future trends in integrated management†, Management Decision, Vol. 33 No. 3, pp. 3-16.

Golden Ratio and Fibonacci Series

Introduction: The Fibonacci Series The Fibonacci Series is a sequence of numbers first created by Leonardo Fibonacci (fibo-na-chee) in 1202. It is a deceptively simple series, but its ramifications and applications are nearly limitless. It has fascinated and perplexed mathematicians for over 700 years, and nearly everyone who has worked with it has added a new piece to the Fibonacci puzzle, a new tidbit of information about the series and how it works. Fibonacci mathematics is a constantly expanding branch of number theory, with more and more people being Yellow flower with 8 petals, a Fibonacci rawn into the complex subtleties of Number. Fibonacci's legacy. The first two numbers in the series are one and one. To obtain each number of the series, you simply add the two numbers that came before it. In other words, each number of the series is the sum of the two numbers preceding it. Note: Historically, some mathematicians have considered zero to be a Fibonacci number, placing it befor e the first 1 in the series. It is known as the zeroth Fibonacci number, and has no real practical merit. We will not consider zero to be a Fibonacci number in our discussion of the series. http://library. thinkquest. rg/27890/mainIndex. html Series: (0,) 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55†¦ EXAMPLE IN NATURE Fibonacci Series–Activity 1 Using a piece of graph paper, draw a spiral using the Fibonacci series. Starting in the center of the page, draw a 1 X 1 square, next to it draw another 1 X 1 square, After, draw 2 X 2 squares touching the last two squares, Then continue to add on squares until the graph paper is filled. To finish the spiral draw arcs (quarter circles) in each square starting in the center and working outward. Do you notice any similarity to the spiral you have drawn and the image of the shell?Fibonacci Series–Activity 2 Take the Fibonacci sequence listed below and divide each pair of number and record the results in the table. 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89 combo results 1/1 2/1 3/2 5/3 8/5 13/8 21/13 34/21 55/34 89/55 What do you notice? This is called the golden ratio. (Phi is 1 ·61803398874†¦ ) This is another special number that appears in the world around us and (as you saw) is related to the Fibonacci series. Fibonacci Series–Activity 3 Each hand has how many digits? _______________ Each finger has how many bones? _______________ Each finger has how many joints between the just inger bones themselves? _______________ Each finger has how many finger nails? What pattern do you see? _______________ _______________________________ Now pick one finger Measure the length of each of the three segments; this is the easiest to do if the finger is bent. Longest _______________cm Medium _______________cm Shortest _______________cm Now divide the longest length by the medium length, what do you get? ________________ Now divide the medium length by the shortest length, what do you get this time? ___________ What i s the ratio? ____________________________________

Stefan’s Diaries: Bloodlust Chapter 14-15

Chapter 14 My hands still in the air, I pressed my lips together. Id already learned that any sign of stress caused my fangs to bulge and my pupils to grow larger; I didnt want to prepare to attack until I knew what I was dealing with. â€Å"Jake? Charley?† a female voice called as two burly men ran toward me from the main house. Although twice my bulk, they were definitely human. Each man grabbed one of my arms, though I noted with cold calculation that it would take only one quick twist to shake both off before I lunged for my attack. But I fought with every core of my being to stay still, my hands high in the air, hoping Id just look like a common vagrant. There was no guarantee that a fight would lead to Damons rescue. A girl walked toward me from the porch and stopped a foot away. â€Å"I apologize,† I said to her. I tried to make my voice sound like I was nervously gasping for breath. â€Å"I didnt realize this was private property. Im new to town, and I was in the tavern, and, well † I trailed off, unsure of whether my lies would get me into even deeper trouble. â€Å"You thought youd steal from me?† The girl stepped forward. Her hair tumbled in flaming curls down her back, and she wore what looked suspiciously like a vervain wreath on her head. She had on a white nightdress, but she was wearing mens boots, and I could see calluses on her hands. Though she was clearly from a wealthy family, this was no coddled city girl. â€Å"No. No! I wasnt stealing, I was just looking for the vampire,† I said. She knit her eyebrows together. â€Å"To steal him ?† she asked leadingly, hands on her hips. â€Å"No!† I said again, my arm jerking involuntarily. One of the men holding me dropped my arm in surprise. â€Å"No,† I said again, forcing myself to remain still. â€Å"I saw the poster for the show down by the lake, and, well, I guess my curiosity got the best of me.† I shrugged. A rooster crowed. Sunlight slowly spilled over the backyard. I glanced down at my gleaming ring, thankful that Lexi had left. â€Å"Okay, then,† the girl said. She snapped her fingers, and the two large men dropped my arms. â€Å"If you are new to town, then where do you come from?† â€Å"Mys Mississippi,† I fibbed. â€Å"Right across the river.† She opened her mouth as if to say something, then closed it. â€Å"Well, welcome to New Orleans,† she said. â€Å"I dont know what things are like back in Mississippi, but you cant go sneaking into peoples backyards looking at their livestock. And the next time you may not meet someone as friendly as me.† I fought my urge to snort at her idea of friendliness, given my brothers wretched state. â€Å"So, whats your name, stranger?† â€Å"Stefan,† I said. â€Å"Are you Miss Gallagher?† â€Å"Smart,† she observed sarcastically. â€Å"That I am. Callie Gallagher.† One of the large men stepped toward her protectively. â€Å"Leave us,† she commanded. â€Å"Ill escort Mr. Stefan out.† â€Å"Thank you,† I said contritely as I followed her around the long gravel path, past the sun-room of the house, and toward the gate. â€Å"Thanks for trusting me,† I said. â€Å"Who says I trust you?† she asked sharply, but an amused smile flitted across her lips. â€Å"Well, then, perhaps I should thank you for not letting your brutes kill me.† She smiled again, wider this time. Her teeth were pearly white, and one of her front teeth was slightly crooked. Freckles dusted her upturned nose. She smelled sweet, like oranges. I realized it had been a long time since I had found a woman beautiful for more than the sweet smell of her blood. But cruelty lay behind her beauty, because this woman was responsible for my brothers imprisonment. â€Å"Maybe youre too handsome to be killed. And everyone deserves a little kindness, dont you think?† I gazed at her callused hands, a thought entering my mind. â€Å"Would it be too forward of me to ask for more of your kindness?† Callie narrowed her eyes. â€Å"Depends on what you ask for.† â€Å"A job,† I said, straightening my shoulders. The girl shook her head incredulously. â€Å"You want me to hire you? After you trespassed on my property?† â€Å"Think of it as an expression of my drive and my enthusiasm for freaks,† I said, the lies now floating easily from my tongue. â€Å"Being new, Ive had trouble finding work, and to be honest, Ive always wanted to be part of a circus.† She set her jaw, and I was worried shed suddenly call her henchmen on me. But then she looked up and down at my faded trousers and sighed. â€Å"I have a feeling Ill regret this, but come down to Lake Road tomorrow night. We do need a new ticket taker–our last one ran off with one of the fat ladies. Youll need to arrive early–and stay late. Its going to be busy tomorrow night because of the fight.† â€Å"Right. The fight,† I said, once again clenching my fists and biting back words of anger. â€Å"Yes.† She smiled somewhat ruefully. â€Å"Then youll have the chance to see your vampire in action.† â€Å"I suppose I will,† I said, turning on my heel and exiting the wrought-iron gate. But if I had my way, no one would see the â€Å"vampire in action† because Damon and I would be long gone before the fight ever commenced. Chapter 15 October 7, 1864 Something has changed. Maybe it is merely age, a sort of hyper-maturation into the role of an adult vampire. Maybe it is Lexi's tutelage. Or the fact that I am faced with an actual challenge, a death-defying challenge, and I simply know I can't expend my energy killing for sport. Whatever the cause, the result is the same. Though the scent of blood is still everywhere, I no longer feel compelled to hunt for sport. Hunting is distracting. My hunger is something to be sated quickly rather than enjoyably. Of course, the question is, how will I free Damon? Attack everyone in sight, creating a melee of destruction? Convince Callie to shed her vervain wreath so I can compel her to do my bidding? But Callie seems to have a power all her own. That much is clear to her henchmen, and to me. Of course, my Power is stronger. I have no doubt that I'll persevere. I'll save Damon, and then I'll reward myself with a drink from Callie's neck. I spent the entire day pacing my room, cutting a path through the dust that lined the wooden floor. Plans to free Damon flitted through my head one by one, but just as quickly as they came, I shot them down for being too daring, too risky, too destructive. Id already learned from the siege on the vampires in Mystic Falls that one false move can cause a domino effect of violence and despair. â€Å"You look like a caged animal,† Lexi said, appearing at my doorway. Her voice was light, but worry lines creased her forehead. I let out a low growl and raked my hands through my hair. â€Å"Ifeellike a caged animal.† â€Å"Have you thought of a plan yet?† â€Å"No!† I exhaled loudly. â€Å"And I dont even know why Im trying. He hates me.† I looked down, suddenly ashamed. â€Å"He blames me for turning him into what we are now.† Lexi sighed and closed the distance between us. She took my hand. â€Å"Follow me.† She led me out of the room and walked slowly down the stairs, running her pale fingers along the portraits that lined the walls. All the paintings were covered with a layer of grime. I wondered how long theyd been hanging on the walls, and whether any of the subjects still roamed the Earth–alive or undead. At the very bottom stair, Lexi stopped and pulled a portrait off the wall. It was newer than the others, with a gold frame and the glass polished to a gleam. A young, serious-looking blond boy stared out at me. His blue eyes contained a hint of sadness, and his cleft chin jutted in defiance. He looked incredibly familiar. My eyes widened. â€Å"Is that your–â€Å" â€Å"–brother,† Lexi said. â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"Is he † I trailed off, not wanting to finish the sentence. â€Å"No, hes not with us anymore,† she said, tracing the cleft of the boys chin with her index finger. â€Å"How did he die?† I asked. â€Å"Does it matter?† she said, her voice sharp. â€Å"No, I suppose it doesnt.† I touched the edge of the photo. â€Å"Why do you keep it?† She sighed. â€Å"Its a connection to the past–to who I used to be before I was†Ã¢â‚¬â€œshe gestured down the length of her body–â€Å"before I becamethis. Its important not to lose that final thread of attachment to humanity.† Her gaze grew serious. I knew what she meant: Remaining connected to her humanity was how she maintained control and why she made the choice to feed only from animals. â€Å"So, are you ready to save him?† As usual, Lexi didnt wait for an answer, and I had to hustle out the door behind her. Together, we walked in silence toward Gallaghers place under the cover of the inky night. Fifteen minutes later we turned the corner onto Laurel Street and the house came into view. A tall man with salt-and-pepper hair was climbing the stairs of the white structure, tapping each step with a gold-tipped cane. Behind him were two black-suited men. The three were engaged in intense conversation. Lexi put her hand on mine. â€Å"Gallagher.† The men paused on the porch. â€Å"Im telling you, the vampire I have is the real thing. I could have him killed and sell you his blood. Youd make a fortune marketing it as the fountain of youth or an elixir of life,† Gallagher said roughly. My stomach plummeted. Damons body was being divided before he was even dead. â€Å"Blood,† a stocky man mused, rubbing his bald head as if it were a crystal ball. â€Å"Im just not sure people would try that. But how much would you sell the fangs for?† The men entered the home, shutting the wooden door with a definitive thud. I sniffed the air. The cloying scent of vervain burned my nose, but I didnt sense Damon anywhere. Lexi pushed the gates open and stepped onto the lawn. â€Å"What are you doing?† I hissed. â€Å"I dont think Damons here anymore.† â€Å"Yes, but you need to know exactly who and what youre up against. The more you know, the better you can gauge what the best course of action will be,† she said. I nodded, and together we stole in the shadows toward the main house. We ducked under a window ledge and knelt in order to escape notice; we could just make out the scene unfolding in the parlor at the back of the house. Gallaghers voice drifted through the open window as he took a seat in a maroon leather club chair, his feet up and a glass of port already in his hands. He wore a large gold ring on his finger. In the far corner, Callie Gallagher sat in a pair of weathered overalls and a white linen shirt. Her red hair fell down her back in a vervain-laced braid, and her head was bent as she pored over a ledger book. A garland of vervain was strung along the marble mantle, and I noticed a few vampire muzzles–the same sort that my father had used to subdue Katherine–tossed carelessly on an end table. â€Å"I have something else that might interest you,† Gallagher said, locking eyes with the elderly man while the other sat, silently. â€Å"I didnt want to bring it up out on the street.† â€Å"Yes?† The man leaned forward. His voice sounded disinterested, but he rubbed his stubby fingers together eagerly. â€Å"The monster wears a ring. Its an unusual one. Silver with a blue stone, but it seems to give him additional power. None of my men have been able to get it off his finger, but when hes dead â€Å" â€Å"Father!† Callie interjected. The two men stared at her. â€Å"Yes, girl?† Gallagher asked, his voice dangerously low. â€Å"Ive been looking over the books, and well make a fortune if hes kept alive. Its the best for the show.† Though her expression was all business, her tone didnt actually sound mercenary. â€Å"My boss.† Gallagher laughed ruefully, but from the way the vein in his temple throbbed, I could tell he didnt appreciate Callies interjection. â€Å"Girl, can you get us some brandy?† Callie stood up and stalked out of the room. I was surprised to feel a sliver of sympathy–and kinship–with her. I knew what it was like to have a headstrong father. Id wanted nothing more than to please him, but Giuseppe Salvatore always thought he knew best. I dared to disagree only once, and he killed me for it. â€Å"As I was saying, the ring † Gallagher said. I snapped back to attention. â€Å"You kill that monster and Ill buy it all. The fangs, the blood, the ring. Everything. And Ill give you a very good price,† the elderly man said in a trembling voice, barely concealing his excitement. Before I could pounce, shattering the glass that separated me from the man who was trying to sell my brother in bits and pieces, an iron-firm grip clasped my arms behind me and dragged me back out to the street. â€Å"Get a hold of yourself, Stefan!† Lexi hissed as she pulled me along the sidewalk. When she reached the corner of Laurel Street, she let me go. â€Å"That man is a sadist!† I fumed. â€Å"Hes a businessman. He wants to kill your brother, and if they find out about you, theyll certainly want to kill you too,† Lexi said, pushing her blond braid over her shoulder. My mind spun. â€Å"What about the girl?† I asked. Lexi snorted derisively. â€Å"What about her?† â€Å"She thinks Damon should be kept alive. Maybe she can convince her father of that,† I said desperately. â€Å"Dont even think about it. Shes a human, and she will follow her fathers orders until the end of her days,† Lexi said, dropping her voice to lower than a whisper as another couple walked toward us. As they passed, the man tipped his top hat, and Lexi curtseyed back. To anyone else, we were a young couple, out to romance each other in the moonlight. â€Å"Damons life is at stake,† I said in frustration. Lexi had offered to help, but everything shed done so far had seemed designed only to dissuade me. â€Å"We have to do something!† â€Å"I know you will find a way to save him,† she said firmly. We turned another corner and the spire of the church across from Lexis house came into view. â€Å"But Stefan, you must remember that controlling yourself around humans is much more than simply not attacking them.† When we reached the back porch, she stopped and put her hands on my shoulders, forcing me to look into her clear amber eyes. â€Å"Do you know the real reason why we dont drink human blood?† â€Å"Why?† I asked. â€Å"Because if we dont drink human blood, we dont need humans,† she said in a tight voice. She pushed open the door. Buxton, Hugo, and Percy were sitting around the coffee table, playing poker. They looked up when we entered, and Buxton narrowed his eyes at me. â€Å"Boys, were going dancing tonight. We need some lightness,† Lexi announced, pouring herself a glass of blood from the decanter on the side table. She glanced around the room. The three nodded. â€Å"Will you come, Stefan?† I shook my head. I was not in the mood for lightness. â€Å"No,† I said, then headed upstairs to plan Damons rescue alone.

How global warming works Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

How global warming works - Essay Example Global warming occurs because carbon monoxide and additional chemical emissions become trapped under the ozone layer; as a result, the temperature of the Earth steadily increases. The impact of global warming has been researched extensively, and in addition to the extinction of plant and animal species, the human race itself may one day become extinct. It has been suggested that global warming will have far-reaching consequences for all life on Earth. In observing the possible crash on the environment (the blend of all living and non-living basics in a specified area), the extinction of animals and plants as well as land formations are most important. It is thought that more than 120 species of amphibians have already vanished forever because of global warming. The Golden Toad, for example, which was once mostly found in Monteverde, Costa Rica, was one of the first amphibians to become extinct. This reptile was last seen in 1989. Animals are not the only living organism in danger of extinction-plants are also being harmed by the effects of global warming. Several plant species have been confirmed extinct because of radical changes in weather patterns in a number of areas (Abarbanel p57). The Fern Gully in Jamaica is an... Another example of the way in which global warming affects landscapes and ecosystems is the coral reef. These are important parts of the ecosystems in which they live-the death of a coral reef will in turn contribute to the eventual extinction of countless plant and animal species which live in it. The Pew Centre on Global Climate Change issued a report on February 13, 2004, stating that global warming might very well further contribute to the extinction of coral reefs. The report goes further to state that in areas with large geographic ranges and extremely high latitudes, certain coral species are very vulnerable to the effects of global warming, and that there is no doubt that coral species in these types of areas are affected. Plants and animals are not the only species which will experience the devastating effects of global warming. It is expected that the human race will be even more severely affected. Global warming will have far-reaching and destructive consequences, with famine in areas where the climate has been devastated to the extent that growing food is no longer possible, mass migration of people from significantly affected areas, and perhaps even war. Approximately two hundred million people may be affected if the sea-level rises significantly: Vietnam, Bangladesh, China, India, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia and Egypt are on the top of the list. The consequences of a large increase in sea-level in such areas are likely to be severe: a dramatic change in climate, scarcity of resources in affected countries, and perhaps eventually mass migration of people out of affected countries, leading to scarcity of resources in the

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Marketing Proposal - LA Fitness Gym - Essay Example This is the reason why we have proposed a business idea of introducing a chain of restaurants in LA fitness gyms across the United Kingdom. The name which has been proposed for the restaurant is LA Cuisine, and the restaurant would provide healthy food that contains would supplement required for a healthy diet. Moreover, a variety of meals would be available on the menu to suit all type of workouts and individuals. The four main offerings which will be made are mentioned below. 1. Protein booster - ideal for bodybuilders 2. Slim fast meal –ideal for people who want to lose weight 3. High crab meal - ideal for people who do endurance training 4. Low meals - ideal for people who want to acquire a lean body and muscle definition Moreover, advice will also be provided to the customers in order to counsel them with regards to the best meal that would suit their workout. This would enable them to attain the workout results quickly and breakfast, lunch and dinner will be served. SWOT Analysis With regards to the business, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that have been identified are mentioned below. Strengths Locations of LA Fitness Gym There are eighty gyms all over the UK and has multiple health club locations.  Therefore, they will not hesitate in availing services offered by LA Cuisine. Market Research LA fitness gyms already know their customers well and since LA Cuisine is offering food for the people who have joined the gym, they will not have to spend huge amounts of money in conducting market research with regards to the customers (Meyerson & Scarborough 2007, pp. 55). Lower Advertising Costs Since customers are already aware of the LA fitness gym, LA Cuisine will not have to spend heavy amounts on advertising. Weakness Association with LA Fitness Gym Since LA Cuisine would be associated with LA fitness gym, anything bad that happens will also have a negative impact on the goodwill and the reputation of LA Cuisine. Opportunities Increase Locations LA Cuisine can open a restaurant in locations other than those at LA fitness gyms as well. In this way, they can expand their pool of customers and increase market share (Dunbar & McDonald 2004, pp. 200). Threats Competition The United Kingdom covers quite a large area and so the population is also large. Therefore, there are many people who go to gyms for fitness purposes because of which there are lots of gyms in the UK that gives the people a variety of choice due to which the competition for LA Cuisine is intense. Credit Crunch Lack of availability of funds or loans results in credit crunch due to which LA Cuisine can get adversely affected.  

Land Law in Real Facts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Land Law in Real Facts - Essay Example Last year, Bentley and Damian too died of the accident leaving the property to Damian’s children because Bentley had left his property to his brother and Damian had left his shares of the property to his sons. Now Damian’s sons want the house and evict Alice. ‘A constructive trust comes into existence, regardless of any party’s intent, when the law imposes upon a party an obligation to holds the specific property for another. The person obligated becomes by force of law a constructive trustee towards the person to whom he owes performance of the obligation’ (Donovan waters, p378). The said property, despite the fact that the children of Damian had legally inherited the property from their father, Alice may be considered as the strong equity owner of the property. Alice has a strong estate and land interest in the property. This factor becomes significant when considering the question of unconscionability and applying the law of estoppel which primarily operates in the form of constructive trust. Therefore, it is important to know that Under (Law of Property Act 1925 s 199(1)(ii)(a)), the occupant(s) of the property has major interests ‘since it is implicit in Williams & Glyn’s Bank v Boland 1, Midland Bank v Dobson 2and Lloyds Bank v Rosset 3 that the beneficial interest (of the third parties) under this trust precedes the court order’ (Milney, 1997). It is an important consideration that belief involved in proprietary estoppel cases can be in any rights in and over the property. In the last 47 years of her life with her partner Bentley, Alice of assured that ‘he would do the right thing by her’ which was also seconded by Bentley’s brother, Damian, and co-owner of the house. The good intentions of the owners expressed verbally and the fact that she had been a resident of the house for more than 47 years, gave her the right to contest the will of Bentley and Damian. Â  

The pharmacist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The pharmacist - Essay Example Through my father, I realized that I want to go down that same path, and be a beacon of goodness to others through a caring career in serving the community. I have always thought that as a pharmacist, I have the unique opportunity in dealing with people of all kinds, with many different afflictions or needs. I think that a pharmacist plays a key role not only in bringing the customer the proper medication, but also in providing good service, and in small ways trying to give cheer and good will to them. It would be such a joy to see a customer return and seeing the improvements in their health. Second, my academic and other career experiences have further prompted me to seek a career in pharmacy. I have always had a love for science, especially in chemistry. As I have mentioned earlier, I am a Registered Nurse and through my work, I have seen how certain medications work with certain afflictions and with different people, and that I find fascinating. It is very interesting to know that each human body is unique, and react differently to a variety of medication. Some times I see practically miracles being performed through the proper medicine, other times are more challenging.

Business Law - resit Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business Law - resit - Coursework Example However, Sally is concerned about the fact that Anita remains unwell very frequently which makes her scope of contribution for the overall business questionable. Sally is also concerned about the fact that owing to the health complications of Anita, a situation might arise, where the entire business will be Sally’s responsibility where she would want to take over to the entire business by paying off Anita. Partnership law of United Kingdom Partnership in business is commonly known as the relationship between two people or a group of people who view to work together under one name with the intention to earning maximum profit. According to the s. 25 & s. 26 Vict.Ch.89 of the Partnership Act 1890 of UK, people involved in a partnership are deemed as jointly accountable for the failure as well as the success of the business as both of them own the common property. Furthermore, the law also suggests that, at the least two people or group would be required to form a partnership agre ement1. a) As depicted in the given case referral, both Sally and Anita are eager to work together as a combined unit. The underlying motive of Sally is to obtain competitive advantages in the local market. However, the motive of Anita was to continue obtaining profits, by mitigating her limitation of poor health. Here, neither of the parties has invested any significance towards investments made to the business. In this regard, section 24 of the UK Partnership Act 1890 depicts that when two individuals or companies are engaged in any partnership, they invest equal amount to the overall business whereby the profits or losses resulting from their operations will also be shared equally. Since both Sally and Anita are assumed to invest equally in the business, they are also liable to share the outcomes of the business equally. Furthermore, section 24 of the Partnership Act 1890 also depicts that owing to similar contributions in the form of capital to the business, either companies or individuals involved in the partnership will equally take part in the management of the business, including all the ordinary matters linked with the company operations. Contextually, both Sally and Anita will need to share the responsibilities of the business equally owing to the section 24 of the Partnership Act 1890. In precise, it can be stated that remuneration and work responsibility of both the parties will be equal in accordance to their inputs in the combines operation of both the businesses2. Furthermore, Sally is also concerned about the frequent health complications of Anita. Owing to this aspect, it is evident that Sally will need to provide greater inputs to the business as compared to Anita, owing to Anita’s health problems and consequently, Anita’s share shall logically remain limited or lower than that obtainable by Sally. In such situations, where the partners involved in the business are recognised to fail in actively contributing towards the organiza tional success and are thereby termed as ‘sleeping partners’. According to the Limited Partnerships Act 1907 of the UK, sleeping partners will be only being liable to get profits for the amounts they have invested in the business. In this regard, Anita will be eligible to realise a marginal amount from the profit of the business, whereas Sally, owing to her greater contribution towards the management of the business, will be liable to obtain a larger section of the profit of the

Michelangelo Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Michelangelo - Research Paper Example helangelo was born in 1475 to a middle class family, in Italy, where he became a trainee to a painter before pursuing his studies in sculpture gardens. His father was working as a magistrate in the small village of Caprese. His family moved to Florence where his mother got ill while he was an infant. He was placed under the care of a stone cutting family where his passion for art developed. Michelangelo was a committed student and admired the works of Dante (Hayun, 210). Michelangelo is renowned for his works, which include Pieta and David statutes and the Rome’s Sistine Chapel ceiling paintings. While still young, his father realized that he had little interest in the family’s financial businesses, and he agreed to put him under the training of the trendy Florentine painter’s workshop. This was after he developed an interest in watching the painters at the near churches, and drawing what he observed while in school. While still at school, Michelangelo was introd uced by his grammar school friend to Domenico Ghirlandaio, a painter (Hayun, 211). Later, while under training at the workshop, an unexpected opportunity begot Michelangelo. Ghirlandaio recommended him to attend Medici Gardens, in the palace of Florentine king Lorenzo, to study sculpture. This provided Michelangelo with a platform to have access to the social elites of Florence. In addition, this gave him a leeway to be taught by the respected and renowned sculptor Bertoldo di Giovanni and other well-known scholars, poets and taught fellers (Lerner, 426). He also obtained significant authorization from the Catholic Church to examine cadavers for a deeper understanding of the human anatomy. However, this exposure to dead bodies had a significant effect on his health. With these mixtures of influences, groundwork for Michelangelo’s distinctive style was developed. His style was widely regarded as with a muscular exactitude and authenticity Mish mashed with an almost lyrical magnificence (Lerner,

Principle of Informatiion Systeam theory and pratice Essay

Principle of Informatiion Systeam theory and pratice - Essay Example (Mcafee and Berkley 1) The IT infrastructure at SYSCO was initially decentralized for all of its operating companies around the world which created a lack of common systems, procedures and information type. The lack of unison among the different units of the company created an appalling situation and the need for a common platform became evident. At first, a central ERP system was rolled out among all the operating units to handle the basic operations of the company ranging from processing of orders to delivering goods etc. The ERP system started being used effectively but then the need for centralized information arose. Therefore a central data repository had to be introduced in the company. This brought about unison in the information that was earlier kept in different forms by every operating unit. Even after the integration of ERP system and central data warehouse, the IT department felt the need for smarter software that would enable the employees of SYSCO to make informed decisions and critically analyze the data without running complex queries all the time. The modern world of business relies heavily on information since companies develop their strategies according to the changing market trends and customers’ choices. The IT department of SYSCO, led by Twila Day, also gave the suggestion of incorporating BI software with the same vision. There were many considerations and decisions that had to be made before the final roll-out, some of them are discussed below: SYSCO showed interest in the implementation of BI as early as 1995 but the condition of its implementation was the presence of a data warehouse in the company. After successfully achieving the incorporation of data warehouse, they finally opted for the BI software. Another obstacle that was faced by the respective company was that they wanted the implementation to take place over the

Competitive Advantage by Human Resource Management Essay Example for Free

Competitive Advantage by Human Resource Management Essay In todays climate of global competition, the source of motivation variessome are driven by money, some by a yearning to build relationships (Hollyforde et al, 2002). Yet, with the development of technology and global competition, new ways of working -these changes have had significant implications for the majority of the full-time workforce within the industrialized world, there are some issues, such as leadership, teamwork, empowerment etc, which are vitally important and need to be managed carefully, each of these concepts merits deeper analysis as we enter the 21st Century. Therefore, it is important to explore how contemporary human resource management (HRM) develops to highly skilled, loyalty employees and affect organisations performance, thus resulting in significant competitive advantages. This assignment will discuss and present some arguments regarding this statement from the following two areas: How contemporary HRM affects organisations performance based on the cases of Xerox and Microsoft, and recommendations for organisations how to gain competitive advantages through implementation of good HRM for a better 21st Century.

Geography Essays Housing and Health

Geography Essays Housing and Health Explore the relationships between housingand health Introduction Historically, there has been recognised a directrelationship between substandard accommodation and poor health. The IndustrialRevolution in Britain resulted in low standard working-class housing beingbuilt quickly to meet this increase in demand for workers. Over-crowdeddwellings, inadequate sanitation and a proclivity to dispose of all forms ofwaste in cesspools, rivers and the street resulted in severe epidemics of manyillnesses, predominantly those which are waterborne. In the preface of OliverTwist (Dickens, 1839 [1994]), the author summarises the problem effectivelyby stating: I am convinced that nothing effectualcan be done for the elevation of the poor in England until their dwellingplaces are made decent and wholesome. This reform must proceed all other socialreforms, without it those classes of the people which increase the fastest,must become so desperate and be made so miserable, as to bear within themselvesthe certain seeds of ruin to the whole community (Dickens, 1839). Many of the most significant improvements in health haveresulted from progression in public health reform, most notably clean water,sanitation, and reduced exposure to extreme cold associated with improvedaccommodation. However, the second half of the twentieth century has seen adecline in political interest in the issue of poor housing, despite overwhelmingevidence of the health consequences of poor housing and increasing economicdisparity among different social groups (Potvin, et. al., 2002). Whilethere has been a dramatic improvement in general health in industrial countriesover the last century, some sections of society still live in poverty-strickenconditions, with indications that the divergence between rich and poor is increasing(Stanwell-Smith, 2003). Economically deprived communities frequently reside ininferior housing and unsanitary environments, and these conditions are directlyassociated with the common health problems reported in such populations.There currently exists a substantial body ofresearch into the many relationships between housing and health status (Dunn,2000). The majority of this research has focused on the connections betweensubstandard and crowded housing conditions and incidence of injury, disease,and myriad physical ailments. Health and Housing Epidemiological studies have determined that certaincontaminants in the residential environment, such as mould, dampness, and pestantigens, can cause or exacerbate a range of respiratory problems (Bornehag, et.al., 2005), particularly among children and the elderly. Structuraldeficiencies, overcrowding, poor ventilation, inappropriate ambienttemperatures and low-quality construction and maintenance have been directlylinked to excessive incidences of infectious diseases, asthma, respiratoryinfections, injuries and an overall shortening of lifespan. Exposure toenvironmental hazards, such as carbon monoxide, pesticides, inadequatelymaintained utilities, and tobacco smoke, tends to be greater within sociallyand economically deprived areas, and accounts for a number of serious healthissues (Klitzman, et. al., 2005). The UK and Ireland have both a high rate of povertyand the worst birth weight in deprived areas compared to any other WesternEuropean country (Sandwell-Smith, 2003). The English House Condition Survey showedthat 1,522,000 UK dwellings did not meet the required suitability standards(EHCS, 1996). For many already deprived communities, the only housing availableis substandard. The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends that, duringcold weather, ambient room temperature should remain constant at 18-20C (WHO,2005), however, it is estimated that 40% of the UK population resides intemperatures below these guidelines. Similarly, the UK has 19% of cold, damphousing compared to the 9% recorded in Germany (EHCS, 1996). Despite somemeasure adopted by local governments, housing policy remains insufficient inmany areas. For example, insulation of properties is recognised as a costeffective intervention that could increase ambient room temperatures while decreasingfuel costs for poverty-stricke n communities, however, the Warm Front scheme,which provides funding for insulation, is not available to pregnant women andyoung children. Despite repeated evidence of the effects of poor housing, and associatedlack of heating, on public health interventions remain insufficient. The population of Europe had expanded byapproximately 2.5% between 1990 and 1998 (WHO), with growth more prevalentwithin the south. Eastern Europe is considered poorer, with increasing rates ofunemployment (WHO, 2002). Comparatively, eastern Europe had proportionatelyhigher incidences of injuriea, nutritional deficiencies, and cardiovascular andinfectious diseases. Similarly, the EU nations have a lower proportion of largehouseholds and a high proportion of single person households; the resultinghousing densities within the eastern countries can account for the higher rateof substandard health levels (WHO, 2002). Affordable accommodation for poverty-strickenfamilies is generally restricted to housing with inferior physical properties(Dunn, 2000), often in surroundings with socio-environmental problemsdetrimental to physical and psychological well-being. This housing tends to beconcentrated in specific and discrete locations, resulting in a form ofsegregation for low-income communities, often with poor access to employment,leading to socially deprived neighbourhoods (Potvin, et. al., 2002). Neighbourhoodsthat are unsafe, with limited access to essential goods and services and fewopportunities for social integration, also pose health risks (Klitzman, et.al, 2005), particularly for the poor, the elderly, and other vulnerablegroups. Although technically affordable, accommodation for poorer families canbe disproportionately expensive, and the payment of large rental or mortgagecosts from already meagre finances can result in less disposable income forfuel, food and other basic necessities (EHCS, 1 996). Obesity is a familiarhealth issue associated with poverty; a consequence of low incomes andinexpensive inferior, high fat, high salt diets. Consequentially, it has beendetermined that people with serious health issues are far more likely to occupythe least health-promoting segments of the housing market, which may, in turn,exacerbate their health problems. A broad cross-section of the community is nolonger provided for with regards to the social housing sector, and has becomecharacterised by deprivation and social exclusion (Curtis, 2004). Theowner-occupier sector has expanded, and now includes more people on low incomesthan ever before (EHCS, 1996). The resulting increase in stress as a result ofmortgage debt, arrears and repossession is a major public health issue, and onewhich is rarely addressed. Low-income and poverty-stricken householdstend to move residences more frequently than middle and upper income families.Numerous studies show negative associations between residential mobility and behaviouraland cognitive problems, particularly in developing children (Dunn, 2000). Inturn, inadequate housing may influence individuals health and mentalwell-being by increasing their level of stress as they are affected by securityand long-term stability (Curtis, 2004). Children Low quality housing distinctly affectsthe most vulnerable sections of society: children, the elderly, and thementally and physically impaired. During physical and psychologicaldevelopment, children are more at risk; poor housing and living environmentscan lead to permanent health issues for the child. Crowded living conditions canresult in easier transmission of infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis(Curtis, 2004), and higher incidences of respiratory illness, such asbronchitis and asthma, particularly when residence is shared with smokers. Excessivenoise can result in sleep deprivation, which in turn can affect growth andpsychological well-being of children, and similarly, can have various negativepsychological effects on adults and children alike, including irritability,aggression, depression and inability to concentrate, which is reported tocontribute to family tensions and potentially violence. The health and well-being of children areclosely related to housing quality, suitability and affordability. Housing is akey component of both the physical and social environments in which childrenlive, and it plays both a direct and indirect role in the achievement ofpositive development. Studies indicate that stable, safe and secure housing isvital to childrens healthy development (Board of Science and Education, 2003).Faulty structure and inadequate heating, for example, can cause accidentalinjuries (English House Condition Survey (EHCS), 1996); fire is one of theleading causes of accidental death among children in developed countries. Factorsaffecting the health of children include the cost, quality, tenure andstability of the housing, along with the neighbourhood environment in which thechild resides. The elderly Longevity of society in the developedworld has increased over the past century. However, studies have establishedthat lifespan is positively influenced by living in appropriate, affordable andsafe housing of good quality. Housing is linked to many of the twelvedeterminants of an elderly persons health as identified by internationalhealth committees, including physical environment, social environment, lifestyleand health care, income and social status. Poor housing contributes towards greater mortalityrates among the elderly  in winter, and greater incidences of avoidableaccidents within the home and the local neighbourhood. High susceptibility toillnesses, particularly respiratory problems, associated with old age may begreatly exacerbated by inferior housing, and can result in a much higherhospital admission rate and mortality rate than seen in the same age groupliving in better quality accommodation. Disabilities Difficulties in accessing and maintaininghousing can be acute for people with physical disabilities. Internationally,there are definite obstacles with regards to affordable housing deficiencies,and physically disabled individuals confront specific barriers in securing andretaining safe and suitable accommodation. By the 1970s, advances in medicineand technology began to prolong the lives of physically disabled adults, however,housing for these individuals was primarily limited to nursing homes; a problemwhich still exists. As a result of this shortage of appropriate housing, manyof these people remain in long-term care facilities rather than living independently,regardless of their specific disability. Homelessness The relationship between homelessness andmental and physical health are irrefutable. Regardless of geography, homelessnessis associated with higher incidences of accidental and non-accidental trauma,addictions, sexual assault, and a plethora of physical health conditions,including tuberculosis, skin infections and conditions, and poor bloodcirculation (Curtis, 2004). Rates of mental illness among the adult homelesspopulation within the developed world are estimated at between 10 and 50 percent. In a relatively recent study conducted among the homeless male populationof Toronto, Canada, mortality rates were significantly higher compared to otherToronto social groups. Mortality rates were established at eight times higheramong men aged 18 to 24 years, four times higher among men aged 25 to 44 years,and twice as high among men aged 45 to 64 years (Hwang, 1999). Countless studies have previously determined aspecific connection between homelessness and severely diminished health levelsamong any given population (Hwang, 1999). Access to appropriate, affordablehousing offers benefits beyond the basic necessity of shelter, includingimproved health and well-being, and reduced levels of mental health disorders. Conclusion Everyone has the right to a standard of livingadequate for the health and well being of himself and of his family, includingfood, clothing, housing and medical care. (General Assembly of the United Nations, 1948) In the European Region, addressing inequities inhealth has been fundamental to the work of WHO and features prominently in thetargets for health for all (WHO, 2002). Despite these efforts, however, thereis critical recognition that poverty itself is a distinct and serious problem.Poverty-stricken communities, regardless of geographic location, suffer frominadequate housing, a deficiency in remunerative employment and theinsufficient means to guarantee a nutritious diet. Consequentially, poor healthis predominant within low-income sections of society, and the location ofaffordable housing frequently results in marginalisation, social exclusion(Curtis, 2004) and the associative mental health issues. Central and eastern European populations with transitionaland often instable economies are particularly at risk as a result of socialpoverty and inferior public health, predominantly as a result of the inabilityto provide payment to new health care systems. Many subsections of society arehigh-risk with regards to poor housing and health, and numerous groups,including children, the elderly, people with mental illness, and displacedindigenous communities, such as Aboriginal peoples, rely on suitable housing toprovide access to other forms of support and interventions with broader,positive individual and social effects (Curtis, 2004). There is conclusive evidence that habitation in substandardhousing environments and experience of poor socio-economic circumstances duringchildhood negatively influences health status in adulthood. Vulnerable groups,including the elderly, the very young and those suffering from long-term illhealth, are at specific risk, particularly as they often have diminished immunesystems and the greatest exposure to many specific hazards due to the lengthyperiods that they spend indoors (Klitzman, et. al., 2005). Insufficientamenities, shared facilities and overcrowding are very much a concern withinfectious disease, while damp and mould can cause various debilitatingrespiratory problems (Bornehag, et. al., 2005). However, the debatearound housing and health tends to be concerned with discussion of the direct coursefrom poor housing to health (Dunn, 2000). There is much less consideration ofthe indirect effects of poor housing upon health, such as social exclusion(Curtis, 2004) and depression, a nd psycho-social aetiologies of disease arefrequently overlooked. However, in recent years socio-economic determinants ofhealth have returned to policy debates and housing circumstances are, onceagain, identified as a critical influence upon public health (Board of Scienceand Education, 2003). Epidemiological studies have recently shifted focusedtowards a broader-ranging perspective with regard to poverty, health andquality of life, which presents the potential of enhanced understanding of thedeterminants of health status. As with many health determinants, the quality ofaccommodation is directly related to income. Minimising the adverse effects ofpoor housing remains a major challenge. Health disparities are not reducing inthe UK, and the worst health is experienced by the most socially andeconomically deprived (Stanwell-Smith, 2003). As in the nineteenth century,there is a profound need for concerted public health reform. Central to thismust be improved living standards and prevention of ill health. Bibliography Board of Science and Education (2003) Housing health: building for the future.British Medical Association. Bornehag, C. G., Sundell, J., Hagerhed-Engman, L.,Sigsggard, T., Janson, S., and Aberg, N. (2005) Dampness at home and itsassociation with airway, nose, and skin symptoms among 10,851 preschoolchildren in Sweden: a cross-sectional study. Indoor Air. 10: 48-55. Curtis, S. (2004) Health andInequality: London, Sage. Dickens,C. (1839) [1994] Oliver Twist. London, Penguin. Dunn,J. R. (2000) Housing and health inequalities: review and prospects forresearch. Housing Studies 15: 341-66 EnglishHouse Condition Survey (1996). Office of the Deputy Prime Minister. Availableathttp://www.odpm.gov.uk/stellent/groups/odpm_housing/documents/page/odpm_house_603825.hcsp GeneralAssembly of the United Nations (1948) Universal Declaration of Human Rights.United Nations. Hwang, S. W. (1999) Mortality among homeless men inToronto. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 14(S2): 42. Klitzman, S., Caravanos, J., Deitcher, D., Rothenberg,L., Belanoff, C., Kramer, R., and Cohen, L. (2005) Prevalence and predictors ofresidential health hazards: a pilot study. Journal of Occupational andEnviron Hygiene. 2(6): 293-301 Potvin L, Lessard R, and Fournier P. (2002) Socialinequalities in health. A partnership of research and education. CanadianJournal of Public Health. 93(2): 134-7 Stanwell-Smith, R. (2003) Poverty and Health.   Healthand Hygiene. WorldHealth Organisation (2002) The European Health Report 2002. WHO. Available at: http://www.who.dk/eprise/main/who/progs/ehr/home/ WorldHealth Organisation (2005) Socioeconomic determinants of health. WHOEuropean Office for Investment for Health and Development.

The Most Popular Type Of Online Advertising

The Most Popular Type Of Online Advertising Introduction Online advertising can say as a form of promotion. It uses the Internet and World Wide Web for provide the marketing messages to attract customers. Online advertising is also divided into many different forms of advertising. For example, pop-out advertising, button advertising, sponsorships advertising, banner advertising, interstitial advertising, classified advertising, interactive game advertising, text advertising, facebook advertising, floting advertising and so on. It also has variety of payment methods for online advertising. The most common way in online advertising payment methods are CPM, CPC, and CPA. In my opinion, online advertising are the great way for sellers to promote or deliver their goods information for public. Online advertising are easy to use, and the easy way to let public know. The costs of online advertising are very low, so it can save the owners money. Other than that, online advertising also can save our earth. Why I say this is because it is environmentally friendly. The owner post their advert information online, they no need to use the paper to produce advertising paper. Moreover, for public, internet is a common thing nowadays. Most of the people have computer in house. They can online and get the information easily. Besides that, nowadays online shopping is very popular. There are certified sellers, and people can buy product from them safety. Online advertising have many advantages but also have some disadvantages. It cannot deliver the information for the old aged people, because they seldom online and they do know how to use the computer. Moreover, there are also some cheaters online. So, the improvements of online advertising have to do effectively. This report have intro the most popular online advertising. It is banner advertising and facebook advertising. The contents are about the advantages, disadvantages, improvement of the advertising and some example of the advertising. Online Advertising The key of successful business is the business how to promote the product and services to all readers by using the online. According to the statistical data, more of the 80% people will everyday surf through the technologically such as internet. So, the internet has becomes an indispensable part of peoples lives. Thus, it can be considered a wide channel for the business which wants to promote their products and services to all the people. The online advertising method has becomes the most popular method for the business. It is because online advertising is easy and low advertising cost. Besides that, the online advertising also have a lot of the readers or viewers. There are many method of online advertising that can used to promote the product and services such as bloggers advertising, banner advertising, email advertising, forum advertising and so on. But in this assignment, I would like to go on deep about the banner advertising. Advantages of Banner Advertising Banner Advertising is a most important component of web-business creation. It is a good method for making the profits in the website. It is because banner advertising is very simple and easy by just sign up an affiliate programs and follow the instruction given to create an attractive banner that link your website with the advertiser. We can free to choose the design of the layout and content of our site. With the pay-per-click advertisements, we can get paid from viewer who clicked on your banner. Moreover, it is the easier way to let the viewers remember the company name and logo. On the other hand, it become more effective and convenience compare when compare with other online advertising. Furthermore, the banner advertising is much cheaper than other ads. It normally counts by the size of the banner or loads of a banner advertisement, a cost per miles (CPM) for a minimum purchase. For example, if you make a banner ad on Yahoo, it cost you a CPM of $20 $25. It is much cheaper than other advertising media. Compare with others, the small firm or company can afford for the banner advertising cost. In addition, by using the banner advertising that can easy got a lot of larger audiences. Last but not least, with the banner advertising, we can share the information at anywhere and in any times. It is because the internet is links worldwide. So, everyone can access to the Internet 24 hours daily . Besides that, publisher also update the product and service information release products and services as well as promotion instantly. Disadvantages of Banner Advertising There are few disadvantages of banner advertising. Firstly, there is no assurance of the audience responses. It is because banner only assures that the banner advertising maybe will just be viewed by people and is no guarantee that people will click on the banner advertising. Secondly, the publisher must make sure that the banner advertising is attractive and innovative. It is because if the banner advertising is not attracted by the reader, then nobody would click into the banner advertising and deliver the message of the advertising . It is waste time and cost because maybe the business or firm need to hire the professional for creating a unique banner in order to compete with the competitors. The speed will also the banner advertising. It is because many graphics, moving image or video will take more time to load and waiting the image appears. This and the idea that designer create will become mess, it will be discourage some viewers and readers. Finally, the publisher can only know about the number of views of the banner advertising but unable to estimate the effective of the advertising. It is because banner ads may be unreliable on the revenue. Furthermore, there are too many incidents of cheating in Internet, viewers will have a thought before clicking into any ads because viewer will to afraid the fraud cases and the viruses spread. This eventually brings negative effect on the banner advertising who advertises through online. Improvement Banners adv is most popular for the marketers. But in the recently years, the prices of the banner advertising are drop and also not so attracted by the people. So, the designer must use the bright color for the advertising. It is because bright color can easy attract the readers attraction. Besides that, the slogan for the advertisement needs to be improved. The slogan must be short and clear that can let the readers understanding the contents of the advertising. Besides that, the best way to advertise the banner advertising is using animate. Comparing the static advertising and animated advertising, animated advertising can attract more the readers. All the animation effect can be more easily to express the meaning of advertising. On the other hand, if the banner advertising want increase viewer, the advertising picture must load quickly. It is because most all the viewers do not have so much patience, it is not suitable for the viewer waiting so long. So, we must let our advertising loading faster. Facebook Advertising Facebook is born on year 2004. It is created by three Harvard university students, the purpose they launched this website is to put students in touch with one another and share their photos and meet new friends. Firstly, the name of the website is known as thefacebook.com. After a year, the website becomes extremely popular on the Harvard campus and students in 800 colleges across the United States are joining the network. In August of that year, its membership grew to more than 5 million, and the sites name changed to Facebook. Facebook was originally launched for college students, but today anyone can join the network. Facebook purpose is giving people a way to share information in an easy and entertaining way. So facebook advertising is nowadays popular in every level of people. Advantage of facebook advertising is clearly proved in recent year. Now, let me explain about the advantage of facebook advertising. It can be classified and change from existing advertising to one by one type of signal transduction by knowing the facebook users interests, their areas of work, the brand they concern and the way they interacting with friends. As we know, nowadays many people took facebook as a part of their lives, so this is the where you can find your audience who interested to your product. There is a real case about the efficiency of facebook adverting. Facebook give ability to CM Photographic Company to target their consumer group, which are the women between 24-30 years old and their relationship status on Facebook indicated that they were engaged. Over the 12 month, the CM Photographic Company put in $600 advertising investment on facebook and they already generated nearly $40,000 profit. Recently, aready have 11,977 facebook users like CM Photographic company, they not only effective consumer, they have indicated a wish to obtain more information. This is the example of the facebook advertising. The advertisement always appears on the right side, and if you want to know the information clearly, you can click the title of the advertisement to get more information on its front page. Advantages of facebook advertising are numerous. It can easily reach your target consumers. You can link with 500 million customers that who are potential. Moreover, you can choose your audience by interest, age, location and gender. You can random use simple image or text-based adverts to view your product. Facebook advertising can deep strengthening the relationship between seller and buyer. It can promote your facebook front page and website, facebook user can use use the like button to increase your adverts influence. It also can found a community around your business. The most important thing when we want to create the adverts is budget. Facebook advertising provide a system that are low-cost and easily to control your budget. You can Set the daily budget you are adapt and regulate your daily budget at any time. Other than that, you can also select to pay only when people click (CPC) or see your advert (CPM). The disadvantages of facebook adveritising are the credibility is very small. The person who see the advertisement have to reflect on the advertisement whether it is true or not. This is because nowadays many cheater. Another disadvantages is the promotion that published on the facebook advertising, some of it are cheat. The seller just wants to attract the facebook user to look at the advertisement. Other than that, the field of people level are not balance. Normally, the facebook user are young or middle-aged people, but less of old aged people. So that, not everything can advert on facebook. Besides that, there are something cannot sell online. This is because you do not know whether there is suitable for u to use or not. There are some improvement can make for facebook advertising. The most important is get reliance form the user. Facebook can survey the information of the advertisement before published on facebook. Other than that, also can distributed an authenticate for the real information advert. Conclusion Normal advertising is a method of promoting product by using 100% offline and physical product such as newspapers, magazines, flyers and others. It is the form of advertisement that easily spread any message to the reader. By using online advertising, the reader internet just can only know the product and services. The online advertising and offline advertising both have their different usefulness. But, both advertisement must include the name of the product and services, it can easily let the reader can understand at a glance. Besides that, the advertisement also must include the benefits of the product and services that can easily persuade the reader from buying the product and services and can increase the sales and profit. Internet also become the main and efficient medium for advertising and it has be predicted that the online advertising and marketing is going to replace the normal advertising through the traditional media such as television, radio, newspaper and magazines. Comparison The online advertising is more efficiently compared with the normal advertising such as television. It is because the online advertising can immediately send the information to the reader. So, the reader can quickly up-to- date with all kind of information. On the other way, the old method of advertising such as newspaper would take at least 1 day to produce the advertisements. So, the reader cannot immediately know all the information. The normal advertisement such as television or newspaper that can be obtained by copyright, takes a lot of time. Unlike the online advertising, we do not need to waste the time to obtain the copyright. Thats why online advertising is faster and save the publishers time. Besides that, if we want to publish the advertising through the traditional advertising such as newspaper, it may charge a higher advertising fee. But for the online advertising, we directly post our advertising through the website. It can be free or just charge a little of the cost fees. Besides that, the online advertising also can post the product pictures that can let the reader convenient to choose the product. Thus, some of the websites provide 24 hours service a day, so the reader can choose the product or services at anytime. For the traditional method, only the readers who are willing and able to buy the newspapers able to view the advertisement. The online advertising is for the reader who can access the internet only can view the advertisement. So, it is considered as global advertising. But if the advertising were to be done through the newspaper, the advertisement can only be used in one country. There are few advantages of online advertising compared to the traditional online advertising that give the company ads more wider coverage and the global wider coverage that will help to make the advertisement more popular among people which could help to get better result though online advertising campaign. Online advertising is faster compared to the offline advertising in sending out the ads to the audience in advertising the campaign. However, there are also some disadvantages involved in online advetistment. Disadvantages of advertising online include measurement problems, audience characteristics, potential for deception, costs, limited production quality, poor reach and lack of Intrusiveness. For normal advertising, it can be said that it is more effective and powerful in promoting a particular product or service. The advantages that are derived through online advertising such as right from cost, availability, wider consumer markets, and the potential to increased profit margins, internet advertising has the upper hand. For the traditional print methods and distributions have the trends of the internet surpass at each level of the marketing process. Traditional print advertising is composed of common marketing collateral. Internet advertising is the conglomeration of electronics such as computer, or server, and the marketing collateral is on a professionally designed website, which also known as an electronic storefront. In evaluating costs in traditional print publication, heavy expenses are incurred through the design for each campaign or promotion, printing fees, and storage facilities to store the containers and bundles of material. Furthermore, there is the distribution cost that needs to be considered such as the costs of labour, transportation and the postage itself. Talking about the error rectification, the traditionally printed promotion may incur at the costs that be paid. In contrast, the advantages of Internet-based advertising, the error modification incur a little cost in repairing typographical errors and wrong promotion dates. Its much easier to fix an oversight instantly, and only takes a moment. To throw light on the availability of a business, traditional print promotions are time-centered. The hours of a business or service are limited to the hours, hence potential sales to consumers during the non working hours are limited. The promotion is also possible for only a set tenure, and when the session gets completed, the whole process is repeated with additional cost. In analyzing the advantages of internet versus traditional print methods, the consumer market potential is extremely limited in the traditional advertising with geographical restrictions in most media being available only to the local viewing area. The businesses are rarely in small-mid-size in approaching the sales on a national or global level. By comparison, the internet marketing is more advantages since it caters to the global market and has no physical or geographical limitations. In this day and age, the website is readily available to any consumer with a computer includes the majority of consumers throughout the world. There are no additional costs in reaching the expanded global markets since internet advertising extends to the global audience. The chances of potential customers are more and hence the profit margin is also on the higher side. In other words, the advantages of internet advertising is much more than the traditional print forerunner, in lessened costs, availability, expanded consumer markets, and largely in the overall profit margin .